Soccer VS Stock Markets - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1184 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category Sports Essay Level High school Tags: Soccer Essay Did you like this example? The interest in the role of sentiment, mood, feelings and emotions in finance and business stems from the work of (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979). Results in this area was built on evidence from experimental psychology and economics and studies to explore how investors are affected in light of informations evaluation, risk, gains. The applying the direct and the indirect measurement on the sentiment and feelings of the investors as an attempt to discover its role on the performance of stock markets; assume that sentiment is influenced through the psychological mechanism of mood misattribution ( Ross, 1977), Simpler; a sunny weather or sports success influence the mood of some investors which make them more optimistic and therefore, this will make them more willing to enter into long positions, which leads to higher returns in the short-run (Kavetsos and Szymanski, 2010; Dawson, Downward, and Mills, 2014) ; as an example (Arkes, Herren, and Isen,1988)found that sales of Ohio State lottery tickets increase in the days after a victory acheived by the Ohio State University football team. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Soccer VS Stock Markets" essay for you Create order Given the evidence that sports results affect subjects optimism or pessimism about not just their own abilities, but life in general, which leads that they impact investors views on future stock prices. The direct measures was based on posing questions to investors through surveys while the two principal approaches for indirectly measuring of investor sentiment are based on continuous variables and a single event respectively, the used continuous variables include: lunar cycles (Yuan, Zheng, and Zhu, 2006), weather conditions (Saunders Jr, 1993; Hirshleifer and Shumway, 2003; Symeonidis, Daskalakis, and Markellos, 2010), and market variables (Brown and Cli_ 2004). Some empirical evidences have shown that sentiment is connected to stock returns in an asymmetric manner by which poor mood has a stronger effect (Edmans et al., 2007; Kaplanski and Levy, 2010), while the study made by (Symeonidis, Daskalakis, and Markellos, 2010) demonstrates that good mood, as sunny weather and environmental variables is associated with increase in volatility. Each of (Bernie and Lyandres, 2011) and (Palomino, Renneboog, and Zhang, 2009) in their studies have shown that the sentiment of investor is has an important impact on stock prices of publicly traded soccer clubs. Part of studies interested in the role of sentiment and financial markets focused on how limited attention influences memory and judgments which leads to behavioral biases such as the halo effect, the illusion of truth and magical thinking (Yantis,1998), and here we must mention here that arguments in this field draw from the vast dual task interference which means that humans cant efficiently concentrate on two or more tasks simultaneously (Pashler,1994), where the study of nature of attention allow allocate it in a positive norm between all the different decisions and activities faced by investors (Veldkamp, 2011). For example, when various information is growing in informative way within financial markets investors will tend to process more market rather than firm related informations as a sign of the presence of overconfidence, so volatility increases while uncertainty is declines which leads to that attention is a more powerful driver of volatility. (Ehrmann and Jansen, 2012)s paper is one of the strongest in the field of explaining what happens when a team loses or wins and its effects on the financial markets, they explaining market level trading volumes and global stock returns how reduce during soccer matches and goals we are going to talk about it in the next part , while (Wang and Markellos, 2015) focused on the subsequent short term effect that these events have on the activities of stock market .where they analyses two potential drivers of investment behavior, attention and sentiment, by investigating the Summer Olympic performance of 8 participating countries and 5 sponsoring firms.one of the two strategic priorities that the Blair Government set out was sustainable improvement in success in international competition, particularly in the field of sports which is important most to the public, primarily because of the feel good factor associated with winning. The results shown that medals have a negative impact on volatility and trading volumes which is economically and statistically significant. These findings are corresponded with theories of attention but cant be easily explained on the basis of sports sentiment. (EDMANS,GARCIA, and NORLI,2007) in their paper Sports Sentiment and Stock Returns investigated the reaction of stock market toward sudden changes in investor mood using international football results as primary mood variable motivated by psychological evidence of a strong connection between mood and soccer outcomes. They used a cross section of 39 countries and exceed 1,100 observations and more than 1,500 rugby, cricket, basketball, and ice hockey games, focused on a variable international soccer results that has special attractive properties as a measurement of mood. While they reviewed extensive psychological evidence, shows that sports in general have a significant effect on mood, media coverage, TV viewing figures, and merchandise sales in many of the countries they studied. In their results they found a significant market decline after soccer losses, which have an economically and statistically significant negative effect on the losing countrys stock market. For example, a loss in the World Cup elimination stage leads to a next-day abnormal stock return of ’49 basis points. For example, elimination from a major international soccer tournament is associated with a next-day return on the national stock market index that is 38 basis points lower than average. We also document a loss effect after international cricket, rugby, and basketball games. They argue that international soccer have greater impact than other sports because its results satisfy 3 criteria: 1_ It must be strong, concrete and powerful so that its effect is clear enough to show up in asset prices. 2_the variable should touch the mood of a large proportion of the population, so that it is likely to affect enough investors. 3_This effect should be correlated over the majority of individuals within a country. On average, the effect is smaller in magnitude for these other sports than for soccer, but is still economically and statistically significant. We find no evidence of a corresponding effect after wins for any of the sports that we study. They also document that the effect is stronger in small stocks, which other studies find are disproportionately held by local investors and more strongly affected by sentiment. Overall, our interpretation of the evidence is that the loss effect is caused by a change in investor mood. As evidence of the fundamental importance of sport we can find significance that its effects of sports results extend far beyond simple mood changes. For instance, in many cases sport results have such a strong effect that they adversely affect health. (Carroll et al,2002) show that cases of heart attacks increased 25% during the next 3 days period after June 30 1998, the day England lost to Argentina in World Cup in France penalty shoot-out. Also (White,1989) documented that elimination from the U.S. National Football League playoffs leads to a significant increase in homicides in the relevant cities following the games, and (Wann et al,2001) list several cases of riots after disappointing sports results, citing a multitude of other papers on the same issue. Trovato (1998) also found that suicides among Canadians rise significantly if the Montreal Canadians are eliminated early from the Stanley Cup playoffs.

Essay on Organizational Behavior Issues in Aussieco

Aussieco, an Australian company established as a small manufacturing and service operation company in 1962 is now a fully expanded company with 600 employees. The company built its reputation on a single product holding 90 per cent of the Australian market in the 1980. Over the years the market holding has gone down by 30 percent in spite of the product being unique and company facing little competition in the market (Jones,Gal, n.d) The downturn in Aussieco’s performance is mainly due to issues with the company’s management and organizational behavior. Organizational Behavior refers to ‘the understanding, prediction and management of human behavior in organizations’ (Luthans,2010). It is the study of individuals and their behavior in a†¦show more content†¦The post of personnel manager is vacant since 2 months. Employees have no job security and thus are not fully committed to their work. This further increases the company’s costs of recruitment,selection and training. There is lack of motivation and initiative by the management for the welfare of the employees. There is lack of rewards, appraisal and bonus. The workshop roofs are without insulation and leak during heavy rain, no doors and filthy windows point toward bad and unhealthy working conditions. This even gave a loss of $AUS 500,000 when water leakage blew a computerized robot. No parking area provided for the employees, who reach frustrated to the office,which in turn shows in their slow performance. Lack of structured work, irregularity in work and no proper accounts and records maintained by the managers is another organizational issue for Aussieco. Though the record showed a stock of 4700 resistors but none could be located. A welder forgotten by the company after fitting of new automat is idle and has no contribution in the company. Reasons why these problems occur. One of the major reason for the organizational issues of aussieco is the employee attitude. Job satisfaction focuses on employee attitude and organizational commitment focuses on their attitude towards the organization. Job satisfaction is determined by how well the expectations of employees are met in return of their output (Luthans,2011). The aspects of job satisfication are not met

Project Managers Free Essays

With the rapid advances currently being made in information technology there has now become an increased need for Project Managers. The scale and number of projects has increased thereby increasing the risk associated with these projects. With this in mind the choosing of project managers with the required skills to ensure the successful completion of projects has become critical and organizations have recognized that the choosing of the right individual to lead a project can have a significant bearing on the success of the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Managers or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are countless project management certifications, methodologies and text books that give their own interpretation of what us considered a â€Å"best practice† and every methodology can bring value if applied appropriately. Methodologies are better viewed as valuable frameworks or toolkits from which a skilled and experienced Project Manager can select the relevant components, probably different components for different projects, and apply them where appropriate, not just for the sake of it or because it says so in the manual. So, if the methodologies and certifications only make up a part of the profile of a good project manager, what the other attributes and traits do we consider to be most important in a project manager? Adaptability An often-used word, but project managers need to be able to react to change. They need to be dynamic, flexible and adaptable. Of course, setting out a comprehensive plan, with clear dependencies, milestones and completion dates is a key part of project planning but if all that was required to be a successful project manager was to set out a plan at the outset and then sit at the tiller and gently steer the project team through the plan, everybody would be doing it. When the inevitable happens and the risk becomes an issue, or the customer changes their requirement, or a key engineer resigns, this is when good project managers really come into their own. The ability to react quickly, to have an answer before most people have even realized what the question is and to have a contingency plan, a Plan B and a Plan C sets good project managers apart. Pragmatism The Project Manager who constantly falls back on, or some might say hides behind, process is unlikely to prosper in the real world. We’d all like to deliver our projects to the letter of a recognized methodology, but if it was as simple as just obtaining a PRINCE2 or Agile certification and then carrying the manual around with you, good project managers wouldn’t command the salaries they do. A successful project manager will balance the essential process and rigor with the need to be pragmatic at times and to bend the rules occasionally. There’s no room for mavericks when delivering large enterprise projects, and we’d recommend that doing things outside of process first receives the endorsement of somebody with appropriate authority, but when rigidly adhering to process means that you miss a customer delivery deadline that you would otherwise have hit, possibly with financial or reputational implications, that’s the time when an experienced and aware project manager will propose the pragmatic approach. Logical Mind-set The ability to look ahead and logically fit together the pieces of a complex implementation is of great value to a project manager. A bigger picture view and understanding of dependencies and why certain activities need to be sequential makes project planning a lot easier and significantly increases the likelihood that a plan is accurate and effective. Some of the best technical and innovative minds, the types of individual that are key to delivering technology, are hopelessly devoid of organization and methodical thinking. The project manager has to bring the logical outlook that pulls it all together, and a strong project manager will have the confidence to challenge the thinking of the most brilliant engineer if he or she is failing to look beyond their own small area of the overall implementation. Communication No surprises here. Most project managers would list communication as one of the most important aspects of project management. Indeed, most project management methodologies dedicate specific coverage to communication and the Comms Plan. How and to whom a project manager communicates is vitally important. All projects should set out at the outset how they will formally report progress, risk ; issues, exceptions and escalations. This is the formal part. In addition to this, a good project manager will make sure that key stakeholders always have just enough information but not too much and are never caught in a position where the first they know of an issue or problem is when the customer escalates it to them. Different stakeholders like different approaches and the project manager needs to quickly establish how best to communicate informally with stakeholders, be it email, phone, walking over to their desk, or a chat at the coffee machine. An important point made verbally is always best followed up in writing. Relationships Good relationships go a long way when trying to achieve project success. The project manager who invests time into building relationships with key players will find themselves well positioned when the pressure is on and it’s necessary to ask more of the project team, or when relationships with clients become strained due to delivery challenges. Ten minutes invested in providing counsel to a frustrated engineer, showing some empathy and letting him get a few gripes off his chest, can pay dividends when you need that same engineer to work late on a Friday night to get an installation finished. It’s not just relationships with key contributors in the project team that are important. Forming a strong relationship with a delivery counterpart within the client’s organization is also important. When you’re both in front of the customer’s programme sponsor at the monthly steering board and the meeting isn’t going well due to challenges or delays on the project, you’d rather be side by side and aligned with your client counterpart, who reports into that programme sponsor, than be the individual who gets hung out to try and made a scapegoat. Political Awareness Many a talented project manager has fallen down or been made the scapegoat for project failure because they didn’t get to grips with the politics of either their own organization or that of the customer. A good understanding of when to speak, when to just keep your head down and listen, who to trust, who to be wary of, who you must keep on the right side of and where the real power and authority resides will all increase a project manager’s chance of success. Let’s be completely honest, sometimes a project is just going to fail, regardless of who the project manager is. A project manager who can navigate the political landscape (as well as having a lot of the other traits we list here) will emerge from a challenged project with their reputation intact, possibly even enhanced. A project manager who neglects this area runs the risk of being made the fall-guy and going down with the sinking ship. Some of this only comes with experience, and there are very few project and programme managers who would honestly tell you that they hadn’t been burnt by organizational politics at some stage in their career. Authoritative Another area that sometimes only comes with experience, but being authoritative, or at least giving the impression of being calm and in control, even when you haven’t got all of the answers, will inspire calm and confidence in stakeholders and project team members. Nothing erodes customer confidence or encourages an angry client to go for the jugular like a project manager who mutters his way through an update or shows uncertainty and hesitation when answering a difficult question. Inclination to question and challenge The project manager who takes everyone and everything at face value runs the risk of having the wool pulled over their eyes. Of course, delegation is a key aspect of project management and whilst having overall accountability, the project manager cannot take responsibility for everything. But as a project manager, the ability to quickly identify the right questions to ask, who and when to challenge, and who and when you can trust is another key trait. As a Project Manager, you never want to be in a position where your senior stakeholder or customer is asking the questions that you should have asked yourself or is asking you questions that you can’t answer because you haven’t asked the right questions of your team. Delegate but keep control There is a place, on small, simple, projects for the â€Å"player manager† to use sporting parlance, the individual who does some basic project management as well as being responsible for actually carrying out some of the actions. Similarly, its sometimes valuable when a project finds itself in â€Å"all hands-on deck† mode if the project manager can roll up his sleeve and start crawling under desks to trace cables, deploy handsets or drive a piece of kit from one site to another. However, typically a project manager can’t afford to be in the detail of configuring equipment, taking part in the physical installations or touching kit. A project manager incapable of staying out of the weeds will eventually fall foul of this because they will neglect the true project management responsibilities and tasks that they should be carrying out. A project manager needs to establish the governance and rules with project team members in terms of what they need to be made aware of and what they are happy to delegate and leave in the hands of the project resource who owns the action. Experience Unfortunately for any new project managers on the block, the reality is that the big jobs normally go to project managers who have been around the block a few times. Not what you want to hear when you’re trying to break into project management but, arguably more so than in a lot of other disciplines, the best project managers have normally been doing it for a while. An installation technician can leave the training lab knowing all they need to know about how to physically rack and stack kit and connect it to the network. An engineer can attend a training course on how to configure a switch or router. Individuals with the appropriate training can be immediately effective in these types or roles, even if they have little or no real-world experience. Clearly there are enough project managers around to demonstrate that a lack of experience isn’t an absolute barrier to entry but if we’re talking about the best project managers, those who are entrusted with the complex projects and the high-profile clients, experience plays a major part. With experience, all of the other traits on this list are likely to be developed and enhanced to a higher level. When a challenge arises, the experienced project manager who has seen the same or similar situations before is more likely to have learned the lessons and gained first-hand knowledge of what will work and what won’t work. Sadly, for those looking to enter project management and go straight to the top of the pile, you can’t teach experience. How to cite Project Managers, Papers

Multiple Regression and Correlation Analysis †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Multiple Regression and Correlation Analysis. Answer: Introduction: Simple Random sampling has been used data in selecting a sample. The sampling is a representation of the population in a way that every respondent/ individual has an equal probability to be chosen (Mertens 2014). Also, it is easy to select and is done using random selection or through random number. It has been used in collection because free from errors, bias and prejudice, with only minimum knowledge and easily used especially for data analysis using inferential statistics. Also, the sampling error in this method can be easily calculated. Alcohol Meals Fuel Phone Mean 1227.36 1551.29 2128.02 1452.15 Median 891 960 1440 1200 Mode 0 0 1200 1200 Standard Deviation 1484.298 3703.566 2246.358 1362.19 Sample Variance 2203142 13716399 5046123 1855561 Standard Error 104.9557 261.8816 158.8415 96.32135 Range 10428 48000 18000 9600 Skewness 2.185617 10.41627 3.337669 3.120751 Kurtosis 7.75614 126.6637 16.93805 12.38359 Table 1b: Descriptive Statistics of Alcohol, Fuel, Meals and Phone The method of variation that can be appropriately used in this case for analysis is standard deviation. It is often believed to be an easy method as it helps in describing the sample that is clustered around the mean in a set of given data (Schabenberger Gotway, 2017. Also, when the variables analysed are spread apart then they are supposedly mean to have a high standard deviation. In addition, the data, meals has the maximum standard deviation as it 3703 AUD away from the means of 1551. The same thing can be explained in case full which often experiences much fluctuation during a normal course of time. On the contrary, it can be said less the deviation, less would be fluctuation/ changes of the expenditure and the other way around. The box plot just like normal distribution is a method of depicting variation using method of variation as quartile. The figure 1b shows fluctuation / changes and the maximum has been shown by the expenditure on meals, fuels, alcohol and then phone. Moreover, the annual expenditure distribution of data is higher in upper quartile than in low quartile range (Hinton, 2014). Comparatively as per the descriptive statistics, meals, fuels, alcohol and phone have variation as mean medina mode depicting positive skewness. However, the maximum deviation is in meals followed by other like fuels, alcohol and phone. Classes Frequency Percentage Cumm Percentage 0-400 19 9.50% 9.50% 400-800 45 22.50% 32.00% 800-1200 56 28.00% 60.00% 1200-1600 33 16.50% 76.50% 1600-2000 26 13.00% 89.50% 2000-2400 11 5.50% 95.00% 2400-2800 3 1.50% 96.50% 2800-3200 3 1.50% 98.00% More than 3200 4 2.00% 100.00% Table 2a: Frequency distribution of the variableUtilities The percentages of household spend on utilities can be given as: 1a. i. At most AUD $1200 per annum on utilities = 56/ 200 = 28% 1a. ii. Between AUD $1200 per annum and AUD $2400 per annum on utilities= (16.5 + 13 + 5.5) percent = 35% 1a. iii. more than AUD $2400 per annum on utilities = (1.5 + 1.5 + 2) percent = 5% The interpretation can be done in two different ways. First is mathematically, where mean, medina and mode are there to analyse the situation followed by histograms shape and size. As per mathematical distribution, a normal distribution has mean, mode and median all as equal (Manley Alberto, 2016). Whereas, in this case as per the table 2c given below; mean, mode and median are not at all equal showing discrepancy. This depicts that the data is slightly bend towards one side that is right side of the mean. In contrast, this household data on annual expenditure on utilities is given as: Mean of Utilities 1220 Median of Utilities 1100 Mode of Utilities 1000 Table 2c: Mathematical Interpretation on Utilities Hence, Mean median = mode, a positive bend whether the shape and size of the histogram below is majorly shows a high on expenditure from 800-1200 AUD. However, in histogram the data is on the left side depicting positive skewness (Corder Foreman, 2014). The percentiles are gathered to analyse the group with their values. However, lower 10% is 10th percentile and upper 10% is 90th percentiles which are AUD 18351.2 and AUD 107760.4 respectively. The ownhouse variable is to analyse the actual residents based on the expenditure. This variable is given by values 0 and 1 where 1 is the ones that own a house and 0 who doesnt. As per the data of 200 samples, the numbers of household that have their own houses are 141. However, mean is 141/200 which is 0.07 Mean of own house = 135/ 200 = 0.68 As per the average implies, there are more than average number of households that own a house. Family size is calculated by adding adults and children together. However, the total family size of 5 comes out to be 14. It has been calculated using the COUNTIF function in excel. The probability of family size as 5 is given as: Probability of Family size =5 = 14/200 = 0.070 The scatter plot for log of (texp) againstlog of (ataxinc) is very well shown in figure 3d. The plots shows a growing trend in the annual expenditure is growing against after tax annual income. However, this indicates a growing demand of the resources like alcohol, meals, fuels, etc. On the other hand, the correlation comes out to be 0.978187 shows they have strong relationship. This positive correlation further emphasizes the effect that they may have on each other in terms of expenditure (Cohen et al., 2013). Values Row Labels Count of Highest Degree Count of GHH F 100 100 B 22 22 I 25 25 M 14 14 P 19 19 S 20 20 M 100 100 B 22 22 I 22 22 M 21 21 P 12 12 S 23 23 Grand Total 200 200 The frequency table explains that the count of males and females in the same is qual that is 100 each. However, as per the distribution based on level of education; the males as well as females have equal number of people having Bachelors degree. However, higher level of education accompany Bachelors degree and Masters, the number differ at the Masters degree. While females constitutes to have 14 people having Masters Degree whereas males constitutes to have 14 people having Masters Degree, which is more than females higher level of education at any case. On the contrary, the male and females heads have a difference in their level of qualification. Female Male Total Bachelor 0.110 0.110 0.220 Intermediate 0.125 0.110 0.235 Master 0.070 0.105 0.175 Primary 0.095 0.060 0.155 Secondary 0.100 0.115 0.215 Total 0.500 0.500 1.000 Probability of (Head of household = Male and Level of Education = Bachelor Degree) (Male as HH and Bachelors Degree as Level of Education / Total) 22/200 = 0.110 11% U = Probability of being Gender as Male 100/200 = 0.65 50% V = Probability of Level of Education as Masters Degree 35/200 = 0.175 17.5% Pr (U) * Pr (V) 0.65*0.175 = 0.0875 8.75% Pr (UV) 21/200 = 0.105 10.5% However, as depicted through step by step method Pr (U) * Pr (V) is not equal to Pr (UV) depicting that the two variables Gender = Male and Level of Education = Masters Degree are not independent. This is because their probabilities do not match; if they could have been same then that illustrates one is related to the other (rather being dependent) and not independent in nature. References Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., Aiken, L. S. (2013).Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge. Corder, G. W., Foreman, D. I. (2014).Nonparametric statistics: A step-by-step approach. John Wiley Sons. Hinton, P. R. (2014).Statistics explained. Routledge. Mertens, D. M. (2014).Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage publications. Schabenberger, O., Gotway, C. A. (2017).Statistical methods for spatial data analysis. CRC press.

Fashion Styles in 19

Fashion and clothing styles have changed over the ages. However, not all fashion has become obsolete and redundant. Many of the vintage trends in clothing have been revived and are followed even until the present day. This essay is an exploration goes the styles of the nineteenth century and how they are still influencing modern sense of fashion. The essay is divided into four parts based on the following time-period – 1800-30, 1831-65, 1870-1900, and 1901-19.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fashion Styles in 19-20th Centuries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More 1800-1830: Stockings Figure 1: Women’s stockings made of silk, embroidered, and instep for the ankle from 1805 (Kyoto Contume Institute ). The second picture is a silk stocking worn in the 1950s. The style during the early nineteenth century was still formal and was highly influenced by the French fashion. However, certain items used during th e time are still in use for formal dressing among the clothing items of men and women. Women’s wear was high waisted, formal, and graceful style. It was during this period that first high-waited style entered the vintage fashion, with the use of girdle used for the first time right under the bust line to show greater flow of the skirt. The underwear that is today used is a remembrance of the style that evolved in the early nineteenth century. For instance, the flesh colored stockings and pantaloons that were worn under the dresses. These were used in the same way in 1800s as women today use flesh tones bra or briefs. The item that is still being used in the modern times in various forms – stockings, long socks, leggings etc. stockings became an essential part of woman’s attire in the early nineteenth century for it not only provided women an ease from the winter cold but also helped to keep a â€Å"woman’s modesty† intact. The main importance of st ockings even today remains the same. In the early nineteenth century, the stockings were used for horse-riding fashion for men. It was in the end of the sixteenth century that it was transformed into something that women could wear as underwear. However, in the early twentieth century with the rise of the hemlines in dresses, the use of stocking increased again. Hence, stockings are important part of fashion since early nineteenth century. 1831-1865: The age of Crinolines Figure 2: Wide hoop crinoline used in the mid-19th century (The Mint Museaum)Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 3: Modern use of crinoline in short skirts or full evening gowns (Claire) In the mid nineteenth century, the use of crinoline became prevalent. The advent of the wide hoop crinoline was significant development for the fashion of women of the era who found a relief in the new invention. This ensu red a freedom for them from numerous petticoats they earlier had to wear to give greater flair to the gowns. The wider hoops made their waistline look narrower. The style evolved in the 1850s, and the word crinoline meaning a â€Å"rigid skirt† (Mortal Journey). The modern adaptation of the crinoline is often found in the evening gown and wedding dresses that are worn with full flared skirt (Lord 180). However, in the later part of the nineteenth century the cage shape of the crinoline was modified with the hoops forming only on the backside. This modified crinoline was called the crinolettes. The cultural significance of the crinoline is in showing off the beauty of the women. The waist of women was an element of beauty, and the thinner the waists, the more beautiful they looked. The emphasis o n the hourglass shaped body was emphasized by the use of corsets and crinolines that helped in creating a small waistline and a wife bust and hip. The enhanced hip was with the air of the crinolines that created a bell jar shape to the bottom part of the woman’s body. In the modern times, though crinolines are not widely used for everyday purpose, but the basic insistence on a thin waist still exists. Hence, while a dress is to be worn for a special occasion, dresses are made keeping the basic idea of the crinoline on mind and provide a flared skirt that would enhance the thinness of the waist.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fashion Styles in 19-20th Centuries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More 1866-1900: Evolution of men’s coat Figure 4: A fine wool morning coat form 1870-5 (Victoria and Albert Museum). The second is a modern version of a fine wool coat Men’s fashion has not undergone a lot of change since the late nineteenth century. There has been a change in the style of men’s fashion. The morning is a classic example of the evolution of single breasted jacket s that are so often worn today. These coats were also known as the â€Å"riding coats†. The design of these coats was an amalgamation of a riding coat and a frock coat that was usually worn in the evenings. The cut of the coats were such that they fell back elegantly in the back like a skirt. The morning coat that is shown in the figure below is an example of the coat that came into fashion in the 1870s and was popularly known as the â€Å"University† or the â€Å"Angle fronted† coat (Victoria and Albert Museum). The collar of these morning coats were cut in acute angle and the backside of the garment dropped to form the coat until the waist. It was used for wearing at daytime for work or other non-formal activity. In the description of the coat presented at Victoria and Albert Museum an excerpt from the book Manners for Men (1897) states, â€Å"For morning wear the morning-coat or jacket of the tweed suit is correct. After lunch, when in town, the well-dressed man may continue to wear his morning coat or the regulation frock-coat, with trousers of some neat, striped grey mixture.† (Victoria and Albert Museum) Men wear similar coats today, with less elaborate collars, but following the basic design of the early morning coats. The neck of the coats is cut in acute angle as their predecessors’ and falls back as a skirt in the back.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More 1901-1919: A shift toward lighter swimwear Figure 5: 1910 swimwear (Hsueh) This was the era of haute couture that showed a woman’s silhouette. The dress worn by the women then flaunted low busts and very thin waistline accentuated by the tight corsets. However, later the skirts started loosing its length and the glimpse of the ankles were visible. In the beginning of the twentieth century, the skirts were long and full. In the post 1910 era until the beginning of the World War I, there is an emphasis on flatter bust and slim hips. Women’s dresses no longer had the bustles or the trains that were considered the fashion previously. Since 1914, with the beginning of the war, the attention on fashion was drawn away from design and then to the material. The fashion item that is discussed in this era is the women’s swimwear. Swimming is a sport was enjoyed in the western countries for long, however, women used to wear their regular clothes that were cumbersome to the beach. However, in the early twentieth century there was a shift in the popular swimwear designs for women, when fashion designers brought in more relaxed, and smaller swimwear, as shown in figure 5. Evidently, this was the time when the women’s swimwear was becoming briefer and lighter. Works Cited Claire. 2010. â€Å"The Fashion Bomb’s Fall 2010 Haute Couture Review : Chanel, Christian Dior, Valentino, And More!† 2010. Fashion Bomb Daily. Web. Hsueh, Roselyn. 2009. â€Å"Vintage Swimwear and Bathing Beauties – 1900†²s – 1920†²s.† 2009. Clamour Daze. Web. Lord, W. B. The Corset and the Crinoline: An Illustrated History. London: Dover Publications, 2007. Print. Mortal Journey. 2011. â€Å"The Crinoline/Hoop Skirt Craze of the 1850†²s and 1860†²s.† 2011. Mortal Journey. Web. Kyoto Contume Institute. 2014. â€Å"Stockings 1830s.† 2014. Kyoto Contume Institute Digital Archives. Web. The Mint Museaum. 2013. â⠂¬Å"Fashions od the Crinoline era, 1840 – 1865.† 2013. The Mint Museaum. Web. Victoria and Albert Museum. 2014. â€Å"Fine wool morning coat,.† 1982. Victoria and Albert Museum. Web. This essay on Fashion Styles in 19-20th Centuries was written and submitted by user TexasTw1ster to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Reality Shows

Reality Shows Reality shows, why do we like them so much? I started thinking about this question, and then I though about how many I actually had watched. Reality shows has become a big trend in our society today. People can become famous for almost anything, and a lot of people seem to think that being in a reality show is the biggest thing that can happen in life.I think all of us have though about being famous at some point in our life. How nice it would feel to be that athlete, singer or actor that everyone knows. Maybe you always dreamed about becoming a model, a writer or why not just get married to a rich famous man or woman. I don't see this as something wrong, I think that everyone, at some point, wishes for that feeling of being someone important and well known. An easy way of having 15 minutes of fame today is to be in a reality show.English: This is a production sound mixer Lance Lu...Today you can probably turn on the TV at any time of day and be able to see a reality show. The marke t has exploded, and they are almost taking over TV.We might think that reality television are a new phenomenon, but the truth is that the first reality show debuted in 1973, and it was called An American Family. On Thursday, January 11, 1973, the first broadcast of An American Family changed television history forever. The Loud family were from Santa Barbara, California and consisted of Mother Pat, Father Bill, and their five children Lance, Kevin, Grant, Delilah and Michele.It was a fascinating documentary series. The members of the Loud family opened up their home and lives for seven months to producer Craig Gilbert, who shot 300 hours of footage. Only 12 hours...

Writing paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Writing paper - Essay Example thing seems to be rippled, and only a few look concerned about the American problems, as everybody assumes that things are headed in the right direction. The scope of this essay is therefore based on the common problems that are likely to end the American dream, of which income inequality is the biggest problem of all the American problems. Many people have been of the opinion that racism is the biggest problem facing America. The bold prediction has been that the rising income inequality will be the most crucial political battleground for the next few decades (Cal et al). Surprisingly, most of the American problems have resulted from income inequality and this problem has been there for so long. Economists have assumed the income inequality problem for so long despite its consequences. The gap between the rich and the poor has been increasing on a daily basis. The rich are spending more simply because they have more cash to spend. Their spending has been shifting the frame of reference that shapes the life of those who are in lower economic class, travelling in overlapping social circles. The middle class also spends more, shifting the reference frame for the group just below it, and the income ladder continues this way up to those living below the poverty line. Such cascades have made it more expensive for middle inc ome earners to achieve basic financial goals. Taking a look at figures such as the income that accrue to the top 1% increased from 9% in 1977 to 20% in 2012. The richest 0.1% used to control 7% of wealth in 1980 and 22% of the wealth in 2013. Meanwhile, many people have been of the opinion that the only way of reducing this income inequality would be through increasing taxes on income and wealth. Unfortunately, the rich will not allow this to happen. Income inequality has caused a snowballing effect on the distribution of income, as there is a high rate of saving top incomes. As a result, wealth has been concentrating at the top. The rising income

The Future of airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Future of airlines - Essay Example The security concerns shown by many passengers and increasing surveillance by the security agencies not only mean scheduling delays but airlines are also facing a general increase in the overall discontent of the customers. What will be the future of airline industry and how it will shape itself into future is a big question for strategists as well as futurologists as the fast changing business environment envisages completely new and revolutionary changes into it. However, before discussing what changes may take place in airline industry as well as well as the individual business practices of different airline firms. This paper will present an analysis regarding the future of airline industry and how it shape into future and what course of action industry will take over the different external as well as internal issues which industry is currently facing. It is being argued that the US airline industry is the victim of its own past success. The industry thrived on intense competition to lower the fare to attract as much passenger traffic possible however due to lack of government support in terms of increasing the overall capacity of the airports and runways, the increasing passenger demands were not adequately met due to which industry started to suffer a sharp decline from its previous position. The event of 9/11 aggravated the situation further by adding other dimensions to the overall air travel and that was of safety. There are many issues which are of concerns for most of the industry experts regarding the future of airline industry including the increasing concerns over customer services, safety of the customers which has become an increasingly important concern, changing technology as well as overall economics of doing the business. Further, due to safety concerns, the demand for the private jets especially light jets is increasing. The use of lightweight jets are predicted to be used air taxies to cover short distances at relatively low costs and more accuracy without loss of time. Apart from above factors, globalization, shifting of economic activity to countries such as China, Brazil, Russia etc, current credit crunch in most of the developed countries, ageing population with lesser requirements of air travel, corporate social responsibility as well as ethical consumerism are all the different factors which are said to be contributing towards defining the future shape of airline industry. The above graph1 suggests that the recent activity in airline industry is decreasing with the passage of time. Not only passenger traffic is consistently decreasing but the freight is decreasing too due to high oil prices. It is also because of this reason that most of the airlines have started charging baggage surcharge as well as reduced the amount of meals served in order to remain competitive in the face of reduced passenger and freight traffic. The above scenarios suggest that different factors which have been mentioned above are already taking their toll over the progress and growth of the industry. Corporate and Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility is not a new concept and its relevance to the airline industry is as long as the concept itself. What is important however is the fact that corporate and social

Female Bonding Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Female Bonding Practices - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that in the tradition of cinematography that often depict the stories of women, the messages that are conveyed to the audience are very formalized and conventionalized. There are several characteristics that can be derived from the analysis of these messages: â€Å"Code of beautiful behavior. Conformity. Containment. Conservatism. Confines.† However, female bonding practices are different since they break through these conventions and establish new type of relationship that do not fit within the framework of the messages outlined above. The three movies chosen for analysis demonstrate different disconnection from these conventions yet all of them have a different focus on what relationship between women are like outside of the social mindset and perspective on this issue, even though each of these stories has certain traditional plot and rhythm to them.This study highlights that  among the frameworks that female bonding in all the three films breaks is the one that reflects the world as a place â€Å"in which only moderate expectations are honored and only moderate feelings are tolerated.†Ã‚  With this, the leading female characters are able to introduce sensational notion in order to develop the plots of the stories.  It is of general knowledge that, throughout history, women had less possibilities of expressing themselves in public relationship.  This resulted in the necessity of put extra efforts in order to reach the same position of men.

The Stranger, Albert Camus

The Stranger, Albert Camus The Stranger, Albert Camus reader gluing book is all about an inane activities of Meursault the protagonist. The setting of this book is in Algiers; in the beginning of this wonderful novel we encounter the death of Maeursaults mother in Marengo. The author of this book wrote it in the first person style thus allowing the reader to view Meursault to be the sole individual that propels all the unfolding in the novel. For this matter, the author relays sequence of events that invokes Meursault to shoot a friend, he is imprisoned and his eventual death. With regard to all that Meursault does and does not do convicts the reader to call him an anti-hero. This paper seeks to discuss the anti-hero theme in The Stranger as written by Albert Camus. Death of Meursaults Mother Part one of the book describes Meursault as a person of indifferent towards emotion and interaction with others. When he receives the news of his mothers death he is not even carried away with emotions as one who has lost an important person in his life, (Bloom 20). In addition he only focuses on the physical and practical details surrounding the death of his mother. He is also depicted by the author as one who loves weather and other beautiful sceneries. In relation to this, he does not feel anything; neither grief nor sadness during his mothers funeral procession, (Camus 70). He also beliefs that, the world is meaningless and purposeless; the feelings of an anti-hero person and therefore, Meursault fulfills the anti-hero theme. The unique character of Meursault to certain events compels the reader to claim that Meursault is an anti-hero. For instance, before the death of his mother Meursault was looking forward to spending the weekend with Marie. After getting the information that his mother is dead, he appears heartless, doesnt express any grief or even get concerned, in fact he goes for swimming in a public beach spending good time with Marie. He doesnt seam affected by the death of his mother, he does stand with solidarity for his mother a complete character of anti-hero person. Meursaults conversation with his boss and other co-workers with regard to the death of his mother is cleverly avoided by Meursault. Furthermore, he changes the subject after giving a very short response. As much as his work mates express concern about the death of Meursaults mother, Meursault himself is adamant and does feel anything he continues working as usual. Meursault has a different personality which completely contrasts that of a focused and a determined person, (Enotes 5). He displays traits of a failure in life throughout the book. Lust and Lack of emotions Albert portrays Meursault as someone who is lustrous and having no feelings or passion. When he goes swimming with Marie we are told that he was intensely aroused at any moment he sees her. Consequently, after swimming, they all hurry to Meursaults apartment, spend the night together till the next day, (McCarthy 40). When Marie asks him if he really loved her, he replied that it doesnt mean anything and therefore, he doesnt think so. With regard to this event, Marie perceived Meursault as her hero who could eventually marry her but it turned out that he was not. Meursault is a person who lacks any ambition to accomplish anything substantial in life. For instance, when he is offered a position in a new office to be opened by his boss in Paris, Meursault replies that it is all the same to him. In addition when Marie asks Meursault if he wants to merry her, he says that it doesnt make any deference meaning that he has no feelings for her, (Sagi 20). Meursault is a non performer and therefore, an anti-hero character. Meursault is also portrayed as one who cannot make a distinction between two conflicting situations; unable to decide. For instance when he is given a gun by Raymond he has no capacity to neither to shoot nor not shoo. He is unable to make out the difference that exists between the two alternatives. When he murdered an Arab does not affect him in any way, it is inevitable that Meursault doesnt know the order and meaning of life. His acts are irrational completely describing somebody who is unable to accomplish a meaningful act given that Meursaults killing of the Arab was an act out of no reason, (Schwerner 25). These are actions of an anti-hero person. Arrest and Execution Part two of The Stranger begins with the arresting of Meursault for killing the Arab. When the court appoints a lawyer to investigate about Meursault, he establishes that Meursault is insensitive. When he is also taken to the examining magistrate, the magistrate concluded that Meursault has a hardened and irrevocable soul. It was also established that Meursault never believed in God and he never knew what caused to act the way he acted. Heroes believe in God and have a clear self understanding, but with this man Meursault, everything is different. He is an anti-hero and doesnt understand what he does with his life, (Showalter 15). When Marie visits Meursault in jail, she encourages him to have hope because she believes he will be acquitted and that they will get married as soon as he is out of prison. On the other hand Meursault is interested in mournful prisoners sitting besides him. When Marie leaves, Meursault sends a letter to her informing her that the authorities will not allow her to visit Meursault anymore. This indicates that Meursault is hopeless and does not know the meaning of life which a recipe of all heroes who have ever lived. Meursault confinement and imprisonment does not incite any guilt or regret over his actions, he only focuses on hi practical and physical situation rather than the emotional elements. He longs for nature, ocean, sex, and cigarettes rather than his freedom. As a hero one should think of how to get out of the prison and not issues that cannot him get acquitted. It is only in prison that Meursault starts to know about himself as to how he can adjust and live in any environment, (Sparknotes 3). Heroic minds have a vision of what living conditions they need, and strives to achieve the perceived condition, Meursault is not one of them, he has an anti-heroic minds. During Meursaults trials he is surprised to see people parked in the courtroom. Furthermore he passively observed the judgments leveled against him. Without even thinking of how he might help himself out of the prison or to get acquitted, he begins to ponder the fact of his inevitable death. In fact, he concludes that there is difference between dying soon by being executed and dying decades later of a natural death. This kind of thinking is inclined to failures in life, somebody who dont have hope and therefore no meaning for him to live. He is not a hero and therefore he can not live to the fact that one day he can have a better life full of meaning and hope, (Warsh 27). Conclusion In conclusion, Camus managed to display the anti-hero them in the book The Stranger. Meursault specifically was used to display different situation in which human beings are unable to think rationally and make rational decisions. The behavior and characters attached to Meursault are evident enough that a person can deviate from the true line of life of being determined, hopeful and ready to confront any situation for him come out successful. It is true that we have people who completely lack emotions and feelings and this is so strange as human life is concerned hence The stranger.

White Attitudes Towards Nature Essay -- Racial Relations, Indian, Whit

In Luther Standing Bear’s â€Å"Nature† and Louis Owens’s â€Å"The American Indian Wilderness†, the authors dictate differences in Indian and white relationships with nature. They stress how Indians see nature, their balanced relationship with it, and how Indians know wilderness is just a European idea. Though agreeing here, Standing Bear focuses on how Indians truly lived while Owens reveals more of both sides and has hope that white views can shift. Standing Bear thinks the difference in how whites and Indians see nature stems from childhood. He believes Indian children are aware of nature because they have been taught to â€Å"become conscious of life† and spend time observing the wild around them (9). By seeing the world this way, their love and respect for it flourishes (10). He says this appreciation sharply contrasts to ignorant whites who thoughtlessly play as children, ignoring everything but each other, and grow up disregarding the knowledge nature gives, seeing only what they can use. He thinks whites are bored with nature because they do not have the â€Å"Indian point of view† (11). The distance whites have from nature harms their relationship with it and humans, making them less compassionate when they do not see â€Å"man’s heart, away from nature, becomes hard† (Standing Bear 12). Similarly, Owens says whites see nature differently because of childhood experiences. Instead of growing up daily in nature, white children sporadically go camping, and thus view nature as a tourist attraction instead of a second home. He states Indians embrace nature because it has a stronger family significance to them that whites do not see. Indians call the Cascades the â€Å"Great Mother† because of stories they have heard growing up, and things like this ca... ...s have led him to think whites will never change and that the two races â€Å"[can] not understand each other† (12). On the other hand, Owens has hope for whites because he did not grow up with Indian traditions and he witnessed the U.S. Forest Service protecting nature when he was sent to burn the shed. (11). Indians comprehend and value nature more than whites and these authors recognize that. They believe the trouble with white attitudes is they do not truly see nature or form harmonious relationships, and whites think they can be separated from their idea of wilderness. Although Standing Bear is critical of whites and believes they will never change, Owens thinks they will if they continue to redefine how they view nature and try to connect with it. Overall, both authors want whites to respect the Indian way of living with nature and aspire to be that way also.